Centering refugee voices and resolving key tensions in policy and programming will be critical for ensuring that all refugee students and teachers receive the support they need. Key historical contributions have nevertheless drawn upon but also transcended institutional record-keeping in ways that illuminate refugee perspectives.Footnote 59, An emerging body of work on camps in the recent past supports our contention that refugee history must be enlarged by considering how refugees not just inhabited but helped to shape the social world of the refugee camp. PDF HISTORY OF U.S. REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT - United States Department of State Sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists, human geographers, international lawyers and others pioneers such as Eugene Kulischer, Louise Holborn and Joseph Schechtman, joined later by Elizabeth Colson, Barbara Harrell-Bond, Aristide Zolberg, Howard Adelman, Liisa H. Malkki and Jennifer Hyndman made fundamental contributions to the study of mass population displacement. 103 Emily Ting Yeh, Exile Meets Homeland: Politics, Performance and Authenticity in the Tibetan Diaspora, Environment and Planning: Society and Space 25, no. 38 On Eurocentrism, colonialism, and the refugee regime, see B.S. 37 Maja Janmyr, No Country of Asylum: Legitimizing Lebanons Rejection of the 1951 Refugee Convention, International Journal of Refugee Law 29, no. They drew a distinction between refugees and Displaced Persons. Providing the first statutory basis for asylum. 1995: KRM is selected as a site for resettlement of Haitian and Cuban cases. The Migration and Refugee Assistance Act also extended the terms of the Fair Share Refugee Act and allowed nearly 20,000 refugees to enter the U.S. under the Attorney Generals parole authority between 1960-1965. 23 (2010), 286317. 2006: KRM opened a Family Center in Louisville, Kentucky. Alia While some refugees were denied entry under the general immigration laws, most refugees were inspected and admitted for permanent residence by Immigration Bureau officers, who allowed for humane considerations when interpreting these laws. Under the Act, conditional entrants were granted a temporary immigration status which could be adjusted to permanent resident status after two years. UNHCR Romania: Ukraine Refugee Situation Update, Update #54, 10 July 2023 Format Situation Report Source. The Displaced Persons Act of 1948, the first specific refugee act passed by Congress, aimed to address the nearly 7 million displaced persons in Europe as a result of World War II. 1 (2011): 3762. 30, 2023, 10:52 AM ET (AP) Angered over EU migrant rules, Poland and Hungary veto a summit statement in a gesture of protest Hungary and Poland have vetoed a statement by European Union leaders laying out their migration priorities in a symbolic gesture of protest Show More refugees in Slovenia 20 June. 1 (2020): 19. Underscoring refugee agencies in these processes, historians can better understand the worlds that refugees made in displacement. 47 Jana K. Lipman, In Camps: Vietnamese Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Repatriates (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020). 54 Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar, The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, and Histories (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007). The INS operated special processing centers in the Miami, Florida area, where INS officers screened newly arrived Cubans. However, Congress, the INS, and the American public have long used and continue to use the term refugee to refer to a migrant who arrived in the U.S. after fleeing persecution or violence in his or her home country or after being displaced by natural disaster. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees acts as the guardian of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which defines the legal protections for refugees. But refugees were also willing to let their imagination rip, inviting states and intergovernmental organizations to contemplate a world in which refugees could exercise autonomy, as when a Hungarian refugee seaman wrote to UNHCR in 1953 to say, I have many practical ideas for solving this question of the Refugees, including one for a dedicated state or reservation to be established by refugees themselves.Footnote 55 As Aihwa Ong writes in relation to Cambodian refugees who sought admission to the USA: in official and public domains refugees become subjects of norms, rules and systems, but they also modify practices and agendas while nimbly deflecting control and interjecting critique.Footnote 56 The following section considers aspects of such agency as exemplified in the historiography. 57 Kirsten McConnachie, Camps of Containment: A Genealogy of the Refugee Camp, Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism and Development 7, no. A broader framework is therefore needed. Polish Displaced Persons in Allied-occupied Germany and Austria, 19451952. How does a person become a refugee? - National Geographic Illustration: Refugees during the Mexican Revolution, going to Marfa, Texas after the Battle of Ojinga which took place January 1-4, 1914. The planned resettlement of Hindu refugees in new colonies following the Partition of India is a clear example that points to refugeedom as a field of contestation rather than the unbridled exercise of state power.Footnote 74, The place of refugees in the built and natural environment intersects with the discussion of the materiality of refugee camps and other sites of settlement. Some were doctors, scientists, 1 (2018): 81104. Shortly thereafter, hundreds of small boats filled with refugees began making the journey from Cuba to southern Florida. Refugees sometimes had (or sought to have) minimal interaction with these institutions. "useRatesEcommerce": true 32 For an overview, see Maya Rosenfeld, From Emergency Relief Assistance to Human Development and Back: UNRWA and the Palestinian Refugees 19502009, Refugee Survey Quarterly 28, nos. Many travelled to Florida on boats organized by grassroots American supporters. Official websites use .gov 1 (2013): 426. Emma Meyer addresses the evacuation in 1942 of tens of thousands of people of Indian descent from Japanese-occupied Burma to the South Indian district of Visakhapatnam people who were not able to return at the wars end. There is no space to deal with the extensive literature on immigration policy. Refugee: Introduction A concise biography of Alan Gratz plus historical and literary context for Refugee. 1 (2021): 7095. It is well-understood that the formation of new states after the two world wars was a refugee-generating process, as Aristide Zolberg famously put it.Footnote 41 An emerging historiography also points to the reverse relationship: how refugees help to constitute the state: the nation state, the proto-state, the fledgling state. However, refugees in his analysis responded largely passively to the circumstances they faced; hence, Stein emphasized the need for external guidance towards refugees.Footnote 15, Other more historically-informed research was closely connected with debates on refugee policy.Footnote 16 This produced voluminous accounts of institutions that intervened on behalf of refugees while keeping refugees firmly in the background.Footnote 17 Perhaps because of this early scholarly angle, historians of migration, including Oscar Handlin, were sometimes consulted by policymakers who dealt with refugee issues.Footnote 18 With the rise of refugee studies in the 1980s as a field of research, this connection between government policy and academia did little to encourage historians.Footnote 19 Methodologically, the literature in refugee studies has opened up a rich vein for historians to exploit by problematizing formal legal and administrative definitions and approaches, while recognizing that dominant legal categories and manifestations of the refugee regime are products of the nation state order.Footnote 20 Yet, even recent interdisciplinary scholarship has discussed historical case studies or the development of legal categorizations in terms of what may prove to be of use in a present-day context.Footnote 21 Historians are occasionally wont to apply the same lessons learned approach to phenomenon: a recent study of relief and resettlement projects for displaced Russian and Soviet Jews explicitly invites contemporary policymakers to consider agricultural development initiatives as a means to empower refugees. Ancestral connections were also significant for Han Chinese refugees who recreated elaborate clan genealogies in Thailand after they fled there from Yunnan in 1949.Footnote 106 Websites that draw attention to Armenian sites in the Ottoman Empire as well as Jewish memorial books testifying to life in Eastern Europe before the Holocaust are a didactic means to educate future generations. It offers a promising approach for analysing episodes and sites of mass population displacement from the perspectives of governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Get the latest data and statistics. 3 (1999): 30320. Under this act, certain Nicaraguans and Cubans who had fled their home countries and lived in the U.S. without permanent resident status could become lawful permanent residents, provided they had resided in the U.S. continuously and met other admissibility requirements. 17 George Woodbridge, UNRRA: The History of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 3 vols. 3 (2012): 6179; Jill Rosenthal, From Migrants to Refugees: Identity, Aid, and Decolonization in Ngara District, Tanzania, Journal of African History 56, no. The United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees (founded in 1950) keeps data on refugee populations as far back as 1951. Yet, displaced Armenians who survived the Turkish onslaught in 1915 eventually settled the frontier environment in ways their persecutors did not anticipate.Footnote 72, Environmental history can be brought to bear on refugee history in more direct ways. There are five refugee resettlement agencies in Kentucky. This allowed the Convention to be used universally. UNHCRs confidential case files covering the third quarter of the twentieth century demonstrate how the process of demonstrating eligibility and recognition offered a kind of invitation to compose a condensed life history, sometimes connecting personal circumstances to broader national narratives. 59 Derek Holmgren, Managing Displaced Populations: the Friedland Transit Camp, Refugees, and Resettlement in Cold War Germany, Central European History 53, no. See also Nathan A. Kurz, Jewish Memory and the Human Right to Petition, 193353, in The Institution of International Order: from the League of Nations to the United Nations, eds. Refugee by Alan Gratz, Hardcover | Barnes & Noble However, there is much more to be done to understand how refugees interpreted their situation and confronted those who exercised power over them.Footnote 90 Studies of refugee petitions point one way forward. Refugeedom provides a platform to study these multiple interactions between refugees and other actors and spaces. Refugee Education: Key Tensions and Opportunities Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. In short, refugee women were often put in their place not only by the authorities but also by their male counterparts, and this is reflected in the archive.Footnote 95, The intersection of class, gender, race, sexual orientation and other identity markers influenced the experience of refugees and shaped the politics of voice. Several research projects, online resources and other promising initiatives are also labelled as such.Footnote 10, Our starting point addresses the need to conceptualize refugee history as something more than a succession of case studies and to go beyond disconnected histories of institutional intervention. 77 Claudena Skran and Evan Easton-Calabria, Old Concepts Making New History: Refugee Self-reliance, Livelihoods, and the Refugee Entrepreneur, Journal of Refugee Studies 33, no. Presidential Directive on Displaced Persons, The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962, The 1965 Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), The 1967 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Refugee Protocol, Indochinese Immigration and Refugee Act of 1975, Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA), Department of Homeland Security Established, USCIS, CBP, and ICE Created. By this we mean refugees in history their experiences, above all, and how they interpreted those experiences, in other words, refugees who not only made history but who also sought to locate themselves in history, whether it be the history of the nation or of other entities. First published on July 12, 2023 / 12:05 PM M. Harper (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 17198. J. Silverstein and R. Stevens (Canberra: Australia National University Press, 2021); Ruth Balint, Destination Elsewhere: Displaced Persons and Their Quest to Leave Postwar Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2021); Becky Taylor, Karen Akoka, Marcel Berlinghoff and Shira Havkin, Boat People Resettlement to Western Europe and Israel: From the South China Sea to European Shores (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). Mario J. Azevedos study of Mozambicans who fled Portuguese colonial rule opens with his intention as a former refugee to save for future generations a recent history that might soon be forgotten forever.Footnote 99, There is a critical political component here, associated especially with diasporic initiatives. Reflections on the Camp through the Prism of Refugee Schools, Journal of Refugee Studies 29, no. Status and Documentation Requirements for the ORR Refugee - ACF 92 For valuable discussion of the photographic record created and retained by European Displaced Persons, see Tamara West, Remembering Displacement: Photography and the Interactive Spaces of Memory, Memory Studies 7, no. Liberal opinion in Britain supported efforts to protect refugees who suffered at the hands of fascist rule, whether in Italy, Spain or Germany.Footnote 39 The transnational can be framed by considering other case studies in relation to the Global South without siphoning them off and confining the study of non-European refugees to geographical sub-areas. Refugees 13 July 2023 In defence of Rwanda's record on refugees 1:01 PM 'No more concessions' on illegal migration bill, says UK government 5:14 AM 12 July 2023 Guardian Opinion cartoon Ben. Vazira Zamindar broke new ground by examining the dimension of the border as the embodiment of state authority and how it might be negotiated by citizens on either side. The strict quotas later contributed to the difficulties many Jews and other minorities faced as they sought refuge in the U.S. from persecution overseas before and during World War II and the Holocaust. N. Baron (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 7096. Methodologically, our preferred starting point for writing refugeedom into refugee history is to make the displaced more visible as purposeful agents by locating them on their own terms rather than those imposed by governments, prevailing state or institutional legal and administrative categories, or humanitarians. Environmental disasters are fuelling migration here's why 86 Dawn Chatty, Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Gadi BenEzer, The Ethiopian Jewish Exodus: Narratives of the Migration Journey to Israel 19771985 (London: Routledge, 2002); Urvashi Butalia, The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India (Delhi: Penguin Books India, 1998); Nicki Kindersley, Southern Sudanese Narratives of Displacement, and the Aambiguity of Voice, History in Africa 42 (2015): 20337. 55 UNHCR Records and Archives, Geneva, Sub-fonds 1 Individual Case Files, Fonds 17, Records Relating to Protection, IC11515. . 43 Aristide R. Zolberg, The Roots of American Refugee Policy, Social Research 55, no.
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