Frontiers | Effectiveness of treating depression with eye movement The operational aspects of this psychotherapy depend on how the disturbing symptoms are conceptualised and contextualised. Psychophysiological approaches focus on the ability of BLS-sets to trigger specific changes associated with desensitisation. See Supplementary Table S18 in supplementary material for an overview of reported success per disorder category and study type. (2020). But does it work? In the same vein, a controlled group study on performance anxiety by Brooker (2018) reported that EMDR was equally effective to hypnotherapy in reducing state-anxiety in musicians, with only slightly stronger statistical effects. For instance, the literature on EMDR showed that at least 22 variations of the standard protocol exist in the literature included, suggesting a vast heterogeneity of the techniques' procedure across clinical uses. As such, the results invite to elucidate the effectiveness of EMDR in relevant conditions (e.g., sleep, neurodegenerative disorders) and systematically compare to other techniques (e.g., CBT, Hypnosis). Moreover, the standard protocol was used in almost all conditions, except in somatoform disorders, sexual disorders, addiction and eating disorders. Efficacy of EMDR Treatment in Generalized Anxiety Disorder after a Long-Standing Pharmacological Treatment - A Case Report Psychiatr Danub . In one of the studies (Marcus, 2008), migraine patients were assigned to either a group that received an integrated EMDR procedure or to a standard care medication group. The theoretical basis for EMDR is that PTSD symptoms result from insufficient processing/integration of sensory, cognitive, and affective elements of the traumatic memory. And because the very act of remembering an event changes its representation in memory, when this memory gets re-encoded, it will be encoded in a less vivid manner. Interestingly, dissociative scores were also modulated by the therapeutic protocol. The therapy follows the Adaptative Information Processing Model (AIP) (Shapiro, 1994, 2001, 2007). The studies could further be distinguished by variations of the EMDR protocol reported. The symptoms subsided. Three case studies, in arachnophobia (Muris and Merckelbach, 1995), aviophobia (Lapsekili and Yelboga, 2014), and emetophobia (de Jongh, 2012), met our research criteria. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. However, nearly half (58%) of the total number of studies included, and that reported positive outcomes, were related to Pain, Anxiety, Mood and Stress, suggesting that albeit the use of EMDR for different conditions is broad, the evidence remains higher only in these categories. A randomized controlled trial comparing EMDR and CBT for obsessivecompulsive disorder. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in patients with a personality disorder. Because of memory and behavioural issues, the standard protocol was shortened, and the report came from hetero anamnesis. Borji M., Tarjoman A., Abdi A., Otaghi M. (2019). An official website of the United States government. Investigating the effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on postoperative pain intensity in adolescents undergoing surgery: a randomized controlled trial, EMDR treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: preliminary research, EMDR treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: three cases. This model postulates that the brain possesses an innate information processing system that assimilates new experiences by storing them into memory networks. However, contrary to studies in the adult, we did find literature on phobia in children. Maroufi M., Zamani S., Izadikhah Z., Marofi M., O'Connor P. (2016). Three patients diagnosed with dementia (vascular and/or AD) were administered an on the spot EMDR protocol. EMDR: Taking a Closer Look - Scientific American The study failed to demonstrate any additive effects in the TAU+EMDR group; possibly due to the population tested being chronic poly-morbid patients with poor social support. (2020) on EMDR and personality disorders, one by Matthijssen et al. EMDR is an extensively researched, effective form of psychotherapy that can help with resolving symptoms of many mental health disorders, especially PTSD. EMDR therapy: Benefits, effectiveness, and side effects (2020). A. Based on the AIP theory, when memories are adequately processed, the symptoms will resolve. Use of an Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in chronic pain management: case study. In the first study (De Jong et al., 1997) a small group of young girls were assessed for spider phobia and disgust before and after one single EMDR session. Note that eye movements were manipulated with a moving dot on a computer screen. The meta-analysis of RCTs evaluated the effectiveness of EMDR in anxiety disorder, in a total of 17 trials with 647 patients (Yunitri et al., 2020). Complementary to these group studies, five case reports were found, all of which equally report on positive outcomes after EMDR. Effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment in chronic pain patients: a systematic review, Treatment of vaginismus with EMDR: a report of 2 cases, Application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for cancer patients: a case study. Here we will address three important variants of this question: Does EMDR work better than doing nothing? Mazzoni G.-P., Pozza A., Mela C. L., Fernandez I. Interestingly, while this study suggests that EMDR may be beneficial for speech anxiety, it is difficult to gauge the specific benefits of eye movements to speech anxiety per se. Although the authors do not comment on this issue, EMDR might act by mediating changes through this same pathway. Results showed that all OCD symptom-scores were reduced irrespective of modality at post-treatment. A higher-order theory of emotional consciousness. The effect of EMDR on childbirth anxiety of women with previous stillbirth, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644369/full#supplementary-material, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK159721/#specific.s32, Introduction to EMDR protocol, and development of coping strategies, Body scan (and reprocess of any remaining bodily negative sensation), Relaxation (re-establish emotional stability if distress has been experienced and for use between sessions), Mental disorders of childhood and adolescence. Although the number of EMDR sessions was variable (between a single session to 72), it was possible to observe that the overall average number of EMDR sessions is of about 78 sessions (M = 7.61, SD = 2.11) regardless of the type of study (i.e., RTC, group-controlled, group study, case report, case study or case series). Addiction-focused eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy as an adjunct to regular outpatient treatment for alcohol use disorder: results from a randomized clinical trial. Effect of the EMDR psychotherapeutic approach on emotional cognitive processing in patients with depression. Post-intervention results indicated a significant difference between groups, mostly due to a decrease in pain intensity scores for the EMDR group and an increase in pain intensity in the No-EMDR group, suggesting that EMDR administered at the earliest has immediate positive effects on pain perception, and no intervention allows an increase in pain instead. The Use of Eye-Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy in (2017). In some cases, EMDR was not better than a control group or a control treatment (e.g., CBT). For instance, a significant limitation of this body of work remains the difficulty in the inclusion of research and studies not dealing with trauma, either as the primary target or as specific comorbidity. To gauge the treatment drop-out and adverse events, we focused on RCTs, the group-controlled and the group studies (n = 49). Moreover, in some severe medical conditions, when psychological distress was an obstacle, EMDR allowed the continuation of treatment-as-usual. Verkleij M., Maric M., Colland V., Nagelkerke A. F., Geenen R. (2017). CBT combined with EMDR for resistant refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: report of three cases. The patient suffered from distressful memory flashbacks. The underlying mechanisms of action are a topic of ongoing scientific debate. Main treatments for PTSD. The second report (Gaboraud, 2018) highlights a case of paedophilia in which the introduction of EMDR after 8 years of psychotherapy successfully reduced the patients' paraphilias and was associated with subjective mood improvement. Yet she discovered that her anxiety lifted after moving her eyes back and forth while observing her surroundings. This process can help them discover insights and form new thoughts while focusing on the targeted memory and engaging in the eye movement or other exercises. The results specifically failed to reveal any substantial effect of eye movements on the outcome variables and only demonstrated that the subjective units of discomfort, as well as skin conductance values, were overall lower in the relaxing-imagery conditions. B., Srinivasan R., Kelleher I., Bell V., Pitman A. Papers were focused on the study of trauma specifically or data was not available (e.g., conference abstracts, full documents not found). EMDR treatment of fibromyalgia, a study of seven cases, Influence of interactions between genes and childhood trauma on refractoriness in psychiatric disorders, Prog. Plants emit sounds when they are distressed. Their results demonstrated that all anxiety measures significantly decreased at post-treatment in the experimental group, and as expected, the mean strength rating for the finger pulling measurement was significantly increased. Note that a similar group study was later reported (Hfel et al., 2018) in young patients suffering arthritis and being intolerant to methotrexate. There was overall a high number of studies reporting positive treatment effects in Pain, Anxiety, Mood (e.g., depression), and Stress-related disorders suggesting that EMDR is an appropriate treatment, at least as a complementary option. Subjects were assigned to an EMDR group or a no-treatment control group. That is, these treatments work by exposing clients repeatedly to anxiety-provoking stimuli, either in their imagination (imaginal exposure) or in real life (in vivo exposure). And understanding these reasons can help us to improve this already effective way of treating a wide range of trauma-related problems. According to the EMDR Research Foundation, EMDR has been clinically validated by more than 30 randomized, controlled studies (the gold standard for clinical studies). What is the theoretical basis for EMDR therapy? (2019). Guido C. A., Zicari A. M., Duse M., Spalice A. Brennstuhl M.-J., Bassan F., Tarquinio C. (2017b). Nia N. G., Afrasiabifar A., Behnammoghadam M., Cooper R. Z. Tsoutsa A., Fotopoulos D., Litsiou E., Zakynthinos S., Katsaounou P. (2013). EMDR as a psychotherapeutic approach in the treatment of chronic pain: is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing an effective therapy for patients with chronic pain who do not suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder? Pain results in a review by Faretta and Leeds, 2017; Wicking et al., 2017). How EMDR therapy works Special care should be taken in future RCTs and controlled group studies by selecting appropriate sample sizes and systematically reporting follow-ups and dropout rates. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Ostacoli L., Carletto S., Cavallo M., Baldomir-Gago P., Di Lorenzo G., Fernandez I., et al.. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating, chronic disorder and efficacy rates of current PTSD treatments are underwhelming. Schneider J., Hofmann A., Rost C., Shapiro F. (2008). Llinas R. R., Leznik E., Urbano F. J. Finally, we identified two case studies. One case report on attachment disorder (Wesselmann and Potter, 2009), showed that patients suffering from relational and interpersonal functioning improved in their cognitions about their relationships. Anglemyer A., Horvath H. T., Bero L. (2014). Another study (Hofmann et al., 2014) found significantly higher number of remissions at post-treatment in the adjunctive treatment of EMDR in comparison to two randomised groups of patients with Unipolar Primary Depression, one receiving EMDR + CBT, and one CBT only. The major weakness remains the lack of transparency and detailed procedures. See Supplementary Tables S15S17 in supplementary material for an overview of the distribution of protocol variations across disorders categories and a distribution of studies by disorder category and intervention protocol. Is EMDR therapy an efficacious treatment for PTSD? I hear myself seethe out 'No!' as I pummel his face. Furthermore, one case study (Chemali and Meadows, 2004) related to dissociative symptoms reported the case of a patient suffering from 3 years of daily psychogenic seizures.
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